Testicular torsion is a medical emergency that occurs when the spermatic cord, which supplies blood to the testicle, twists and cuts off the blood flow. This condition can cause severe pain, swelling, and, if left untreated, can lead to the loss of the affected testicle. It most commonly affects males between the ages of 12 and 18 but can occur at any age, even before birth.
Understanding Testicular Torsion
The testicles are suspended in the scrotum by the spermatic cords, which contain blood vessels, nerves, and the vas deferens (the tube that carries sperm). In testicular torsion, these cords twist, blocking blood flow to the testicle. This lack of blood supply can quickly lead to tissue death, making it crucial to seek immediate medical attention.
Causes of Testicular Torsion
While the exact cause is not always clear, several factors may contribute to testicular torsion:
- Anatomical Abnormalities: Some males have a condition called the “bell clapper deformity,” where the testicle is not properly secured in the scrotum, making it more likely to twist.
- Trauma or Injury: A direct hit to the testicles can sometimes trigger torsion.
- Rapid Growth During Puberty: The rapid development of the testicles during adolescence may increase the risk.
- Physical Activity: Sudden movements or intense exercise might lead to twisting.
Symptoms of Testicular Torsion
Recognizing the signs of testicular torsion is critical. Symptoms typically appear suddenly and may include:
- Severe pain in one testicle.
- Swelling and redness in the scrotum.
- Nausea or vomiting.
- Abdominal pain.
- High testicle position (the affected testicle may appear higher than usual).
- Pain that does not improve over time.
Diagnosis
A doctor will perform a physical examination and may use the following tests to confirm testicular torsion:
- Ultrasound: To assess blood flow to the testicle.
- Urinalysis: To rule out infections.
Treatment
Surgery is the only effective treatment for testicular torsion. During the procedure:
- The spermatic cord is untwisted to restore blood flow.
- The testicle is secured (orchidopexy) to prevent future torsion.
- In severe cases where blood flow has been cut off for too long, the affected testicle may need to be removed.
Why Prompt Treatment Matters
Time is critical in treating testicular torsion. If treated within 6 hours of symptom onset, the testicle can usually be saved. Delays beyond 12 hours significantly increase the risk of permanent damage or loss of the testicle.
Prevention
While it may not be possible to prevent all cases of testicular torsion, early detection and awareness of symptoms can minimize complications. Males with a family history or anatomical predisposition should consider discussing preventive orchidopexy with a doctor.
Conclusion
Testicular torsion is a serious condition that requires immediate medical intervention. Knowing the symptoms and acting quickly can make the difference between saving and losing the testicle. If you or someone you know experiences sudden, severe testicular pain, don’t wait—seek emergency medical care right away.